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Vision et image
Les signaux
Lumière, images et couleurs
Propriétés physico-chimiques
Constitution et transformation de la matière
Les états de la matière
Ondes et signaux
L'organisation de la matière dans l'univers
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Les circuits électriques
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L'énergie
Structure de la matière
Énergie : conversions et transferts
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La méditerranée de l'antiquité au moyen-age
Nouveaux enjeux et acteurs après la guerre froide
Le nouveau monde
Les religions du vième au xvème siècle
Révolution et restauration
La crise et la montée des régimes totalitaires
Le monde de l'antiquité
Une nouvelle guerre mondiale
Le monde depuis 1945
La 3ème république
La guerre froide
Le xviiième siècle
Les guerres mondiales
La france et la république
Le xixème siècle
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La génétique
Le mouvement
Le monde microbien et la santé
Alimentation et digestion
Reproduction et comportements sexuels responsables
Corps humain et santé
Unité et diversité des êtres vivants
La géologie
Nutrition et organisation des animaux
Diversité et stabilité génétique des êtres vivants
La cellule unité du vivant
Procréation et sexualité humaine
La planète terre, l'environnement et l'action humaine
Transmission, variation et expression du patrimoine génétique
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S’informer : un regard critique sur les sources et modes de communication
Analyser les dynamiques des puissances internationales
S’informer : un regard critique sur les sources et modes de communication
L’enjeu de la connaissance
L’environnement, entre exploitation et protection : un enjeu planétaire
Comprendre un régime politique : la démocratie
De nouveaux espaces de conquête
Analyser les relations entre états et religions
Étudier les divisions politiques du monde : les frontières
Faire la guerre, faire la paix : formes de conflits et modes de résolution
Histoire et mémoires
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24/07/2023
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I- COMPARISON SIMILE Literary Devices An overt comparison showing similarities between two things, usually with "like" or "as" Examples: As cold as ice / It's as big as an elephant PERSONIFICATION Non-human subjects (a thing, an animal, an idea…..) is given human attributes Examples: The sun smiled down on us / The ocean was calling his name METONYMY One idea takes the place of another with which it has a close association = substituting an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself. Examples: The King of the jungle, in place of the lion/ Ears instead of "listening" : I'm all ears (meaning i'm listening, giving you attention) METAPHOR An implied comparison between two different things, achieved by saying that something is something else. Examples: He is a walking dictionary / Love is blind / You're a breath of fresh air ALLEGORY A work of art in which the characters, images, or events act as symbols to illustrate a moral or spiritual truth, or political or historical situation 1 Examples: Animal Farm, George Orwell: political allegory/ The Allegory of the Cave, Platon: allegory of knowledge, belief, etc... SYNECDOCHE A word standing for part of something is used for the whole of that thing or vice versa. Examples: Hired Hands for workers/ Set of wheels for a car II- SOUND EFFECTS ALLITERATION A figure of emphasis,...
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in which the same first consonant sound is repeated in several words Examples: Common in tongue twisters (Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? ASSONANCE The repetition of vowel sounds without repeating the consonants : vowel rhyme. Examples: Chips and dips (vowel i)/ "And Shout into the ridges of the wind" ONOMATOPOEIA A literary device where words mimic the actual sounds we hear Examples: Boom/ Meow/ Splash/ Gulp/ Beep... III- DRAMATISATION 2 RHETORICAL QUESTION A question asked just for the effect, or to emphasize some point being discussed. No real answer is expected. Example: In Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare: "What's Montague? It is nor hand nor foot, nor arm, nor face, nor any other part belonging to a man. O be some other name. What's in a name ?" PUN A play on words that produces a humorous effect by using a word that suggest two or more meanings. Examples: She had a photographic memory, but she didn't develop it/" OMG, I've been bitten by a wolf" "Oh, where ?" "No, the normal kind" (dur à comprendre celle-là, faut prendre son temps) APOPHASIS Mentioning something while denying it, or denying that it should be mentioned. It helps create irony. Also call "denial" or "omission" Examples: " I won't mention your bad grammar" / Donald Trump tweet about a journalist, 2016: "I refuse to call her a bimbo, because that would not be politically correct" IV-AMPLIFICATION ANAPHORA The deliberate repetition of the first part of a sentence to achieve an artistic effect Examples: I have a Dream, Martin Luther.K: "Let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania” 3 ACCUMULATION A list of words which have similar abstract or physical qualities or meanings Examples: "Itsy-bitsy teeny-weeny yellow polka-dot bikini" / "The sun rises and the sun sets, and rushes back again to the place from which it rises. The wind blows south, the returns to the north, round and round goes the wind, on its round it circulates” GRADATION An ascending series of words or phrases in which intensity or significance increases step by step. Examples: "At the restaurant, I sat, ordered, ate, paid." / "On earth, in smoke, in dust, in shadow, in nothing" (Luis de Gongora, spanish poet) PARALLELISM Parts of the sentence are grammatically the same, or are similar in construction. Examples: "Veni, Vidi, Vici" : I came, I saw, I conquered. / "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind" Neil Armstrong. HYPERBOLE Deliberate exaggeration of a person, thing, quality, event to emphasize a point or for rhetorical effect. Examples: Cry me a river/ "The skin on her face was as thin and drawn as tight the skin of onion and her eyes were gray and sharp like the points of two picks" Parker's Back, Flannery O'Connor. EUPHEMISM Using an innocuous, appropriate expression or word, instead of one that is/ may be found inappropriate, offensive. 4 Examples: "Passed away" instead of "died"/ "Don't ever call me mad, Mycroft. I'm not mad. I'm just...well, differently moraled, that's all" in The Eyre Affair, Jasper Fforde. LITOTES A form of understatement by using negation to express the contrary meaning Examples: "This food is not bad" meaning the food is the opposite of bad, which is good. / In Aladdin, when they say: "This is no ordinary lamp" what they mean is that it's a magical lamp. IRONY Uses of words to express something that is the opposite of the literal meaning. There is a contrast between expectation and reality. ( 3 types of irony: verbal, dramatic or situational) Examples: If it's raining, gloomy and you say "Yay! Great weather", you're using irony (verbal) / If a fire station were to burn down, this would be a situational irony... V-OPPOSITION ANTIPHRASIS The use words or phrases to convey the opposite sense of their real meanings, which creates irony or a comic effect. Examples: "Take your time, we've got all day" meaning we don't really have all day, you need to hurry up. / "He's only a child; 60 years old after all!" ANTITHESIS Two contrasting/ opposing ideas are intentionally juxtaposed in adjacent phrases or sentences Examples: Keep your mouth closed and your eyes open / A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times". 5 CHIASMUS A two-part sentence or phrase where the second part is a mirror structure of the first Examples: "And these tend inward to me, and I tend to outward to them" (Walt Whitman, Song of Myself) / "Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate" (John.F. Kennedy) OXYMORON A two-word paradox. Two words with contradictory meanings are joined. Examples: "Awfully good"/ "Silent Scream"/ "Hateful Love" 6