Force Interactions and Vector Representations

The second page delves into the detailed analysis of force interactions between charged particles and their vector representations.

Definition: Forces between like charges are repulsive, while forces between opposite charges are attractive.

Highlight: The magnitude of electrostatic forces remains equal and opposite (FA/B = -FB/A), following Newton's third law.

Example: When two positive charges interact, they repel each other with equal force magnitudes but in opposite directions.

Vector Expressions and Gravitational Forces

This section transitions from electrostatic to gravitational forces, establishing the mathematical framework for both types of interactions.

Definition: Gravitational force is expressed as F = GMₐMb/d², where G is the universal gravitational constant.

Vocabulary: G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg² is the universal gravitational constant.

Highlight: Unlike electric forces, gravitational forces are always attractive.

Problem-Solving Steps

This section provides detailed calculations for both gravitational and electrostatic forces in the hydrogen atom.

Highlight: The electrostatic force (8.2 × 10⁻⁸ N) is significantly larger than the gravitational force (3.62 × 10⁻⁴⁷ N).

Example: The ratio of electrostatic to gravitational force is approximately 2.3 × 10³⁹.

Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law

This introductory section establishes the fundamental concepts of electric charge and Coulomb's law. The material covers the essential principles of electrostatic forces and their mathematical representation.

Definition: Electric charge is a fundamental physical property measured in coulombs (C), with the elementary charge being e = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.

Example: An electron carries a charge of -1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, while a proton carries +1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.

Highlight: Coulomb's law is expressed as F = k|q₁q₂|/d², where k = 9.0 × 10⁹ N·m²/C².

Vocabulary: The constant k is known as Coulomb's constant, and d represents the distance between charge centers.