Chemical Formulas and Nomenclature in Organic Chemistry
This page introduces various types of chemical formulas used in organic chemistry and explains the nomenclature system for organic compounds.
The document begins by presenting different formula types:
- Brute formula e.g.,C4H8NO2Cl
- Topological formula showingspatialarrangement
- Developed formula showingallatomsandbonds
- Lewis formula showingelectrondistribution
- Semi-developed formula asimplifiedversionofthedevelopedformula
Definition: A brute formula, also known as an empirical formula, shows the types of atoms present in a molecule and their ratios.
The nomenclature system for organic compounds is then explained, starting with alkanes. For simple alkanes, the naming convention follows the pattern: prefix indicatingthenumberofcarbonatoms + suffix "-ane".
Example: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ is named butane because it contains four carbon atoms.
For alkyl groups branchesattachedtothemaincarbonchain, the naming follows: prefix numberofcarbonatoms + suffix "-yl".
Vocabulary: Alkyl groups are branches or substituents attached to the main carbon chain in an organic molecule.
The page also introduces characteristic groups in organic chemistry, such as alcohols −OH, alkenes C=C, aldehydes −CHO, esters −COO−, ketones C=O, amines −NH2, and carboxylic acids −COOH.
Highlight: Understanding characteristic groups is crucial for naming organic compounds and predicting their properties.